During SKY, a sequence of breathing techniques of different frequencies, intensities, lengths, and with end-inspiratory and end-expiratory holds creates varied stimuli from multiple visceral afferents, sensory receptors, and baroreceptors.
Biological postulations from neurophysiological model of vagus nerve stimulation of yogic breathing propose that SKY causes vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and exerts numerous autonomic effects including changes in heart rate, improved cognition in Alzheimer's disease, improved bowel function, etc. Many studies demonstrate the effects of yogic breathing on brain function and physiologic parameters, but the mechanisms have not been clarified. It inhibits activity, increases brain perfusion, increases attention and vigilance (via vagal afferents), slows heart rate, restores energy, prevents hypoxia/hypercapnia, and prepares the animal to protect itself. Strained breathing occurs in nature when an animal is defeated in battle. SKY consists of a specific sequence of varying breathing rates separated by brief periods of normal breathing. Neurophysiological model of vagus nerve stimulation pathways Possible mechanisms, effects, and benefits of SKY are given below.
SKY has been taught by the Art of Living Foundation to more than 6 million people in 152 countries worldwide. Sudarshan Kriya which is a Sanskrit term meaning “proper vision by purifying action” is an advanced form of rhythmic, cyclical breathing with slow, medium, and fast cycles. “Om” is chanted three times with very prolonged expiration. It causes excitation followed by calmness. The subjective experience is physical and mental calmness with alertness.ĭuring Bhastrika or “Bellows Breath,” air is rapidly inhaled and forcefully exhaled at a rate of 30 breaths per minute. This slow breath technique (2–4 breaths per minute) increases airway resistance during inspiration and expiration and controls airflow so that each phase of the breath cycle can be prolonged to an exact count. Ujjayi or “Victorious Breath”: This involves experiencing the conscious sensation of the breath touching the throat. It has four distinct components.ĭetailed descriptions of the four main SKY breathing techniques are as follows. Sudarshan kriya yoga (SKY) is a type of cyclical controlled breathing practice with roots in traditional yoga that provides relief for depression, and it is taught by the nonprofit Art of Living Foundation. There is mounting evidence to suggest that SKY can be a beneficial, low-risk, low-cost adjunct to the treatment of stress, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, stress-related medical illnesses, substance abuse, and rehabilitation of criminal offenders. SKY, a unique yogic breathing practice, involves several types of cyclical breathing patterns, ranging from slow and calming to rapid and stimulating. The references from these articles were checked to find any other potentially relevant articles. All the results were carefully screened and articles on SKY were selected.
Various online databases searched were Medline, Psychinfo, EMBASE, and Google Scholar. The aim of this study was to assess and provide a comprehensive review of the physiological mechanisms, the mind–body connection, and the benefits of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) in a wide range of clinical conditions. Yogic breathing, defined as a manipulation of breath movement, has been shown to positively affect immune function, autonomic nervous system imbalances, and psychological or stress-related disorders. Breathing techniques are regularly recommended for relaxation, stress management, control of psychophysiological states, and to improve organ function.
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